What is an “early palliative care” intervention? A scoping review of controlled studies in oncology

Introduction - Early palliative care (EPC) has been advocated to improve cancer patients' health. However, EPC differs with regard to its elements and target groups. It is not known which parts of EPC contribute to effectiveness for which patient group. This scoping review provides a structured analysis of EPC interventions and outcome measures. <br /> Design - We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and CENTRAL up to February 2022. We included randomized controlled trials (RCT), nonrandomized trials, cohort studies (CS), and controlled before‐after studies of EPC in adult patients in English, Dutch, and German language. Interventions had to be self‐labeled as EPC. Screening and data extraction were performed by two raters. A structured analysis incorporating the TIDieR checklist was performed to describe the elements of the interventions. <br /> Results - We screened 2651 articles, resulting in 40 articles being included: 34 studies were RCT and six studies were CS with a mean sample size of 208 patients. Patients with pancreatic ( n  = 10) and lung cancer ( n  = 9) were most often included. Studies reported different reference points for the onset of EPC such as time after diagnosis of incurable cancer ( n  = 18) or prognosis ( n  = 9). Thirteen studies provided information about elements of EPC and eight studies about the control intervention. Most frequent elements of EPC were symptom management ( n  = 28), case management ( n  = 16), and advance care planning (ACP; n  = 15). Most frequently reported outcome measures were health‐related quality of life ( n  = 26), symptom intensity ( n  = 6), resource use, and the patient's mood ( n  = 4 each). <br /> Conclusion - The elicited heterogeneity of ECP in combination with deficits of reporting are considerable barriers that should be addressed to further develop effective EPC interventions for different groups of cancer patients.